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four books during his lifetime: the Phenomenology of Spirit (or Phenomenology of Mind), his account of the evolution of consciousness from sense-perception to absolute knowledge; the Science of Logic, the logical and metaphysical core of his philosophy, in three volumes; Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, a summary of his entire philosophical system; and the Elements of the Philosophy of Right, his political philosophy. Herbart Johann Friedrich (1776–1841) – a German philosopher, psychologist, and founder of pedagogy as an academic discipline. Herbart’s pedagogy emphasized the connection between individual development and the result of social contribution. In Platonic tradition, Herbart espoused that only by becoming productive citizens people could fulfill their true purpose; he believed that every child is born with a unique potential, his Individuality, but that this potential remained unfulfilled until it was analyzed and transformed by education in accordance with what he regarded as the accumulated values of civilization. Only formalized, rigorous education could, he believed, provide the framework for moral and intellectual development. The five key ideas which composed his concept of individual maturation were Inner Freedom, Perfection, Benevolence, Justice, and Equity or Recompense. According to Herbart, abilities were not innate but could be instilled, so a thorough education could provide the framework for moral and intellectual development. In order to develop an educational paradigm that would provide an intellectual base that would lead to a consciousness of social responsibility, Herbart advocated that teachers utilize a methodology with five formal steps: using this structure a teacher prepared a topic of interest to the children, presented that topic, and questioned them inductively, so that they reached new knowledge based on what they had already known, looked back, and deductively summed up the lesson’s achievements, then related them to moral precepts for daily living. Human nature – refers to the distinguishing characteristics, including ways of thinking, feeling and acting, that humans tend to have naturally, i.e. independently of the influence of culture. Human resource management (HRM, or simply HR) – is the management of an organization's workforce, or human resources. It is responsible for the attraction, selection, training, assessment, and rewarding of employees, while also overseeing organizational leadership and culture, and ensuring compliance with employment and labor laws. In circumstances where 37