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Rob Peter to pay Paul involved in litigation under English law were John-aNoakes/John Nokes and John-a-Stiles/John Stiles. This particular use became obsolete in the UK in 1852. The Doe names are often, though not always, used for anonymous or unknown defendants. Another set of names often used for anonymous parties, particularly plaintiffs, are Richard Roe for males and Jane Roe for females. However, to avoid possible confusion, if two anonymous or unknown parties are cited in a specific case or action, the surnames Doe and Roe may be used simultaneously; for example, John Doe vs. Jane Roe. Rip van Winkle – Рип ван Винкль (герой одноименного рассказа В. Ирвинга, проспавший двадцать лет); отсталый, косный человек; человек, отставший от жизни; ретроград The central character to Washington Irving’s most popular story. Sometime before the Revolutionary War, Rip and his dog get lost in the Catskill Mountains. Rip falls asleep and awakens 20 years later, an old man. He returns to his hometown to find his shrewish wife has died, his daughter has married, and other local changes have taken place. He is typical of persons who are out of step with their times. So if someone is a Rip van Winkle, they are behind the times and out of touch with what is happening now. Washington Irving (1783–1859), the author of the Rip van Winkle story was one of the first notable fiction writers of the American romantic movement. Rob Peter to pay Paul – ограбить Петра, чтобы рассчитаться с Павлом; поддерживать одно в ущерб другому; взять у одного, чтобы отдать другому; отдать одни долги, а влезть в другие (ср.: Тришкин кафтан) (выражение восходит к старому обычаю духовенства передавать из богатых церквей разную церковную утварь бедным церквам) Borrow or take from one to give to another; discharge one debt by incurring another. The expression was well enough established in English and has been considered proverbial by 141