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ORIGIN: The catch phrase dates from the days of the wind up, “acoustic” gramophones where the sound emerged from a horn. With no electronic controls to raise or lower the volume, the only way to regulate the sound was to put in or take out an article of clothing, which deadened it. put elbow grease приложить руки; немало потрудиться / попотеть M E A N I N G : make hard physical effort; do hard, energetic manual labor This house will need a lot of elbow grease before it’s comfortable to live in. ORIGIN: This seventeenth century expression is said to have originated when a lazy apprentice was given a strong hint to put his arms to work more vigorously by being sent to a shop to buy some elbow grease. Another interpretation suggests that in Britain in the late 1600s people were using the term elbow grease to jokingly refer to the sweat worked up by strong, fast moving work with one’s arms, such as rubbing, polishing, and scraping. put the cart before the horse делать шиворот навыворот M E A N I N G : to do things in backward or reverse order They had bought all their furniture before they had a house – that’s really putting the cart before the horse. ORIGIN: This popular idiom was used in ancient Greece and Rome, has been used by great writers like Shakespeare, and appears in many languages. 101